by Judy Bray

Additional Resources

In the Literature

  • Ballou, D. (1998). The condition of urban school finance: Efficient resource allocation in urban schools. In W. J. Fowler, Jr. (Ed.), Selected papers in school finance, 1996 (pp. 61-84). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
  • Goertz, M. E., & Duffy, M. C. (1999). Resource allocation in reforming schools and school districts. In M. E. Goertz and A. Odden (Eds.), School-based financing (pp. 215- 244). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
  • Grissmer, D., Flanagan, A., & Williamson, S. (1998). Does money matter for minority and disadvantaged students? Assessing the new empirical evidence. In W. J. Fowler, Jr. (Ed.), Developments in school finance, 1997 (pp. 15-30). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
  • Hanushek, E. A. (1997). Assessing the effects of school resources on student performance: An update. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 19(2), 141-164.
  • Hussar, W., & Sonnenberg, W. (2000). Trends in disparities in school district level expenditures per-pupil. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
  • Miles, K. H., & Darling-Hammond, L. (1998). Rethinking the allocation of teaching resources: Some lessons from high-performing schools. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 20, 9-29.
  • Odden, A. R., & Archibald, S. (2001). Reallocating resources: How to boost student achievement without asking for more. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
  • Odden, A. R., & Picus, L. O. (2000). School finance: A policy perspective. Boston, MA: McGraw- Hill.
  • Picus, L. O. (2001). In search of more productive schools: A guide to resource allocation in education. Eugene, OR: ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management, University of Oregon.
  • Tsang, M. C. (1997). Cost analysis for improved educational policymaking and evaluation. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 19, 318-324.
  • U.S. Department of Education Digest of Education Statistics, 2000 Table 164 (2001). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.

Agencies and Organizations

Education finance statistics compiled by the U.S. Department of Education are posted at http://www.nces.ed.gov/edfin.

The Digest of Education Statistics contains information about revenues and expenditures at every level of education and is online at http://www.nces.ed.gov/pubs2001/digest.

The Consortium for Policy Research in Education posts findings from research on school finance and education reform at http://www.gse.upenn.edu/cpre/Research/Research.htm.

Information on evolving state policies in school finance is available online from the National Center on Education Finance at http://www.ncsl.org/programs/educ/NCEF.htm.

The Education Commission of the States frequently studies issues in education finance for state policymakers and posts information on its Web site at http://www.ecs.org/ecsmain.asp?page=/html/issues.asp?am=1.


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Published in Insights on Educational Policy, Practice, and Research Number 15, September 2003, Investing in Instruction for Higher Student Achievement