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Citation:

Swisher, K. C., & Tippeconnic III, J. W. (1999). Next steps, research and practice to advance indian education. Charleston, WV: ERIC Clearinghouse on Rural Education and Small Schools. ED427902.

Annotation:
Researchers posed two questions to American Indian scholars and practitioners: ÒWhat is Indian education today?Ó and ÒWhat will it look like in the future? The resulting essays addressed two themes: (1) education for self-determination, and (2) the need to turn away from discredited deficit theories of education. Instead of a deficit approach, researchers recommended an approach that builds on the strengths of Native languages and culture and the basic resilience of Indigenous peoples. With this new approach, tribes can establish and enforce educational policies for their constituents as states do for public schools. This theme is especially relevant for the 90 percent of Indian students who attend public schools. Much of the research was based on Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) funded schools, although research on public school education of American Indian students is lacking.